Stereotypes Of Men In Advertisements Essays - Gender Studies

Stereotypes Of Men In Advertisements Visual representation of reality, as seen through mass media, is acknowledged by sociologists to be influential in shaping people's views of the world. Our everyday realities are articulated mostly by what we see in the media. The role of advertising in this interpretation of reality is crucial. The target audience's self-identification with the images being a basic prerequisite for an advertisements effectiveness, makes advertising one of the most important factors in the building of behavior models and values systems. The way a certain notion is managed at a visual level determines how people will perceive this notion and whether they will identify with it or not. Meaning is encoded in the structure of the images, which thus become potent cultural symbols for human behavior. The framing and composition of the image, the setting, the symbolic attributes and every other element in its structure, all are engaged in the effective presentation of the underlying notion. What do images of the male body in advertising reveal about the notion of masculinity today? What is todays model man? Is there consistency in the visual representation of masculinity or are there competing images of it? In this study I will do a content analysis of the portrayal of men in 20 magazine advertisements. 5 ads were taken from Maxim, a mens magazine targeted at 20 to 30 something males. 4 were taken from Mens Journal, a mens magazine targeted at men from 30 to retirement age. 5 were looked at from Harpers Bazaar, a womens magazine targeted at adult women. 4 were taken from Allure, a womens magazine targeted at women in their 20s and 30s, and two were taken from Entertainment Weekly, an entertainment magazine with a non gender specific target audience. I selected these ads by tearing out all of the ads in each magazine with a man or men in them, scattering them face down on the floor and picking up a few. I intend to look at these ads as a group of 20, looking at collective similarities among them and any common stereotypes and themes in the way these ads portray men. I also intend to examine any general differences between the ads fro the mens magazines, and those from the womens magazine s, as well as differences along product lines. I expect to see reinforcement of the stereotypes discussed in Denise Kervins study as well as the stereotypes delineated by other authors cited in this paper. I expect that these reinforcements will occur as much as, but in a different way than is seen earlier in time as discussed in the various literature cited in this paper. I also expect that these stereotypes will be equally present, yet will manifest themselves differently depending on the target audience and product being pitched. Dominant discourses surrounding gender encourage us to accept that the human race is naturally divided in to male and female, each gender realistically identifiable by a set of immutable characteristics. In Foucaults terms, relations of difference are social constructs belonging to social orders that contain hierarchies of power, defined, named and delimited by institutional discourses, to produce social practices. Gender differences are symbolic categories (Saco, 1992:25). These categories are used to ascribe certain characteristics to men and women. The representation of those characteristics determines how men and women are presented in cultural forms, and really whether an individual is identified as masculine or feminine. It is important to understand the big role that media, in general, and specifically advertisement plays in maintaining an ingrained gender hierarchy. The closer study of mens and womens images as presented in advertising should result in uncovering the messages about their identity and role in society. Until recently, masculinity in the media was not considered problematic since there was the notion that masculinity is not constructed. Masculinity remains the untouched and untouchable against which femininity figures as the repressed and/or unspoken (Holmlund, 1993:214). During the 1990s this notion started to change since a significant decline in portrayal of mens traditional roles became obvious. Until then though, qualities such as being aggressive, autonomous and active were always naturally attributed to men. Until mid 80s men also seemed to be the only ones that occupied powerful

Ophelias Love Betrayed essays

Ophelia's Love Betrayed essays I would have to strongly disagree with Nicole's interpretation of Hamlet and Ophelia's relationship. They were most certainly lovers. Halmlet did without question offer Ophelia "tenders" of his affection, and we know this because she must return them to Hamlet. In addition, we also have the letter read from Polonius to Claudius and Gertrude in which Hamnlet writes to Ophelia I did love thee once. So indeed, Hamlet did love Ophelia, and evidence is also in the play that she did love the prince. When Laertes tells Ophelia to beware of Hamlet's love, she does not deny her love for Hamlet but responds that yes she will be careful. As for the song, no part of any of Shakespeare's plays is ever thrown in simply because it was popular at the time. When Ophelia sings that sing in her mentally disturbed state she is revealing the nature of her relationship to Hamlet and his promises of love. The question now becomes, who is to blame for the relationship's demise. Many blame Hamlet for being too hard on Ophelia, but her treatment and the "Get thee to a nunnery" speech is, in a certain sense, justified. Hamlet's entire world is collapsing around him. His uncle has killed Hamlet's father. His mother may have been a co-conspirator in King Hamlet's death(though there is no definitive proof) and, at the very least, she has married her husband's murderer. Hamlet has been betrayed by his close friend's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Everyone special to Hamlet has betrayed him. Ophelia has broken off their relationship because her father Polonius, forced her to, and we can guess that Hamlet knows that may be the case because shortly before the "get thee to a nunnery speech" he refuses to take his "tenders" back. He still loves her. But when he asks "Where is your father" and Ophelia replies "At home" he knows that now, she too, has betrayed him. We do not feel bad when Hamlet exacts his revenge or chastises the other that be tray him, so why do we b...

Cardiac case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cardiac - Case Study Example n is experiencing cool, clammy skin and inspiratory crackles because of severe allergic reaction, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) anxiety, and low oxygen in the blood. These result from exhaustion of the heart, heart attack, artery blockage in the lungs, internal bleeding, pneumonia, dehydration, drug overdose causing heart function to reduce, and reduced blood pressure (Lee Linda, Bates, Pitt, & Walton, 2010). Question 3: The pain that Mr. Canton is experiencing is not significant because it is not one of the major causes of his condition. The pain in his wisdom tooth is resulting from other causes rather than myocardial infarction (WEBMD, 2015). Question 4: Mr. Canton vomits because his wall infarction is inferior. The inferior wall infarction is associated with gastrointestinal problems, particularly because of bradycardia. The inferior infarction results from cardiac sensory receptors, which mediate vasodepressor and cardioinhibitory responses, which are normally distributed to the left ventricle’s wall (Lee Linda, Bates, Pitt, & Walton, 2010). Question 5: Elevation of isoenzymes prevails in body cells having a notable concentration in liver, heart, kidney, muscle, and erythrocytes. Just as in the case of proteins that mark function of tissues, elevation of isoenzymes occurs after hypoxia is prolonged. It occurs after hypoxia is prolonged in various clinical situations, such as cardiorespiratory diseases, disorders of kidneys, liver, muscle, and lung, as well as malignancy (Krucik, 2012). Question 6: Myocardial infarction is a segmental necrosis of myocardial based in the endocardium. Areas where myocardial infarction occurs are subepicardial in the event of occlusion of small vessels, which come from coronary thrombi. For many patients, a disruptive coronary disease becomes evident at angiography. Infarction takes place where the occluded vessel is distributed. The occlusion of the left side of the coronary artery leads to major infarction of the

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law - Essay Example When dealing with a legal system the first thing to remember is the rule of law; classical perception and understanding of the British’s unwritten traditional constitution majorly relied on three pillars namely the rule of law, parliamentary sovereignty and the separation of powers (Busch 27). The House of Commons, the Crown and the House of Lords can enact limitless laws being that the UK parliament which is composed of the three groups, the House of Commons and the House of Lords (Marsden 10). Each arm of government is bestowed with specified responsibility independent of the other arms of government. However, the different arms of the British government are described as the executive, legislative and the judiciary. In addition, the direct functionalities of the arms of government include making laws, executing laws and maintenance of laws (Marsden 32). The advantage of the distributed responsibility as showcased above is that; it enables the government to stay healthy and o perate in a democratic manner due to the checks and balance performed by different arms of government (Kiikeri 41). Through power sharing strategy, there is a possibility of the different arms of the UK government to reconsider power balancing so that the executive is not given too much power. People perceive the rule of law to be an illusion that would be difficult to pin down; however, there are myriad classic interpretation of the contents of rule of law which is a hint to its essential nature that people can imagine of within the society (Busch 76). Why should I obey the law? The International Bar Association’s ‘Rule of Law Resolution’ (2005) states that: ‘The Rule of Law is the foundation of civilized society. It sets up a transparent process reachable and alike for all. It ascertains devotion to doctrines that both protects and liberates (Kiikeri 66).’ It is perceived that people do not always obey the law, however, maintaining life in the mode rn world, calls for the willingness from people and citizens to observe the law at all time regardless of the decision of their rivals, which often differs in perception (Smits 60). The rule of law is concerned with the relationship between individuals as well as the state. However, the rule of law also focuses on the processes of law enforcement and administration. In the UK, the principal theme derived from the concept of rule of law indicates that the law should not be administered ruthlessly or recklessly by the people in power; everybody should be equal before the law including those in power (Kiikeri 105). A system should be put in place to interpret and apply the law equally to all citizens. European Union Law The European Court of Justice (ECJ) The European law was founded in 1957 and is currently governing 25 states with two new member countries, Romania and Bulgaria, which joined on January, 2007. The US as a country joined the European Union in 1973, and since then they h ave incorporated the EU laws into their national laws. Having given more priorities to the EU laws, the UK parliament no longer has the jurisdiction to be the supreme law maker with limitations to sovereignty (Kiikeri 110). The law council is the main decision making body consisting of one member (minister) from every member country with authorization of committing their state to the legislative proposal (Smits 29). The European Commission The

EU Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EU Law - Essay Example In the same year, she launched claims for consideration of an educational grant in the UK, giving reasons that courses in genetics were not offered in her country Germany. The application was rejected on ground that Ms. Morgan did not meet conditions on paragraph five, clause two that is 5(2) of the Federal Law on encouragement of Education and Training BAfOG. Ms. Morgan was denied grant, because she was not continuing her learning in another member state, studies initially pursued in Germany for at least one year. She had started her’s in the UK and so, failed to satisfy that condition. In the second case, Ms. Bucher began her studies in ergo-therapy in Netherlands, close to the German border. Living with her parents in Bonn, they moved to Duren, where she registered as her permanent residence before traveling to Heerlen for studies. Ms. Butcher applied for an educational grant to pursue training the Netherlands. The application was rejected on condition that Ms. Bucher did not fulfill paragraph 5(1) of the BAfOG. It was alleged that Ms. Bucher established residence on the border to facilitate her training. Reason given for denial was, Ms. Bucher did not satisfy the conditions either on paragraph 5(1) of the BAfOG or those stated on 5(2). Entitlement to an educational grant as member state citizens to both applicants is the factual claim in the two cases that is C-11/06 and C-12/06 Questions referred to the Court of Justice for interpretation were two, the first question common in both cases. Does the rights of movement allocate for citizens in the Union under Articles 17 EC and 18 EC the rights to deter a Member State, in a case like Ms. Morgan’s and Bucher’s, from awarding an education or training grant to its nationals for a course of study in other Member States on ground that the course does not reflect a continuation of studies pursued at an educational institutional in their national

Trends in Psychology and Psychologists

Trends in Psychology and Psychologists There are some cases where people think that the best way to deal with their mental issues is to keep it within themselves. However, that is not the best solution for all cases. It is a fact that bottling up your emotions could increase the risk of getting a heart disease or some forms of cancer and have serious negative effects oh your health (Chapman, Fiscella, Kawachi, Duberstein, Muennig, 2013). For everyones mental and physical health, people should take their feelings and emotions out through talking to someone or seeking help. This is where Psychologists are needed. Psychologists conduct research, experiment about the human mind and behavior, and provide counseling to promote the well-being of people and improve mental health. Psychologists are essential because we are complex beings, no other animal brain is capable of functioning with high consciousness as we do, and its not easy to understand and express ourselves. The study and practice that they do help people become mor e aware of their mind and conscious for mental prosperity. Psychology occupation is relatively large in size because there are many fields in psychology that people can specialize and work in. The employment of psychologists was 21,600, and the total employees were 10,700 in 2014 with the average retirement age being 63. Clinical psychology is one of the most popular specialty areas. They are in charge of evaluating and treating mental illnesses and work in hospital or health center to assess conditions of individuals or families. Another popular area in this occupation is experimental psychology. Psychologists in this field area are interested in conducting research about the behavior of humans and animals. Other areas include forensic psychology, developmental psychology, industrial psychology, and so on. Psychologist choosing to work in private practice is continuing to increase over time. In 2010, the percentage of the psychologist who stated that private practice is their primary job was 41%, which is a dramatic increase from 1960, when the percentage was just 17% (Norcross Karpiak, 2012). This career is part of a larger group called Social and community service professionals (NOC 415). According to the labor force survey (2015), in Canada, union rate for this group is 52% Psychologists are responsible for advocating mental well-being by working directly with their patients or clients and treating people with mental or emotional disorders. Considering this, it is understandable that effective education and training is important for people who want to work in this career. The requirement and license process vary from province to province. Some provinces require PhDs for a license to work independently while in others a masters degree is sufficient. Due to the many different areas psychologist works in, their earnings are wide in variation. The average starting salaries for psychologists range from about $35,000, particularly for those who are self-employed and just starting out, to more than $120,000 a year. The typical working hours for this occupation depends on their job and the level of responsibility. Some have about 40-hours, and others have more than 50 to 60-hours a week. Psychologists have a high level of stress because treating patients can be extremely rewarding but also emotionally draining. They have heavy workloads and tight schedules. They sometimes have to deal with violent and uncomfortable behaviors. However, no matter how much years psychologists spend to satisfy the requirements and how much stress they get from treating patients, job satisfaction has remained constantly high across the 50 years. No less than 85% of psychologists do not regret going through the process and hardships because of their satisfaction in the career (Norcross Karpiak, 2012). Psychologists could have their jobs for life, but the periods of government cutbacks in the past has made it harder for psychologists to secure the job. However, they can still count on having their job for at least 5 to 8 years. This occupational group is predicted to encounter a shortage of workers in the future because of the substantially higher number of job openings available compared to the recent years. According to Canadian Occupational Projection System (COPS), new job openings for psychologists are expected to total 10,00 while only 8,800 new job seekers are expected to fill them over the period 2015-2024. The Canadian Federation of Independent Business (CFIB) has asked 649 company owners how the labor shortage affected the business. More than 50 percent of owners has said that themselves are working more hours and that they were receiving lower quality applicants. 45% of owners has also stated that they had to raise labor costs. Looking at the job predictions of psycholog ists, we can expect that the worker shortage may have a serious negative impact on businesses. Many trends in society have affected jobs in the field of psychology. This fields expected growth is about 12 percent over the next ten years. One of the reasons why the predicted job growth is relatively high might be because future impact of mental illness on Canadians is expected to increase by 31% over the next 30 years, resulting in more than 8.9 million people living with a mental illness (Smetanin, Stiff, Briante, Adair, Ahmad, Khan, 2011). Anxiety, depression and other mental disorders growth can be explained by the continuous development of technology. 95% of teens are continuously using the internet. Smartphone ownership in teens ages 12-17 is continuously growing, from 23% to 37% from 2011 to 2013 (Madden, Lenhart, Duggan, Cortesi, Gasser, 2013). It is proven that social media sites make people compare their life with others. People suffer from increased anxiety because of their failure to meet the expectations and demands that are forced on mood them (Lidbetter, 2012). In Salford Business School at the University of Salford, 298 people were surveyed for the charity Anxiety UK and it was found out that 53% of people think social media changed their behavior; 51% of the people said that it was negative behavior because of their confidence declining due to comparisons to others. This would mean that many teenagers would experience an increase in anxiety and depression leading to needing more support and treatment to overcome the emotional issue. Increased use of social media also affects teenagers drug usage. A study by National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse XVI: Teens and Parents, the 16th annual back-to-school conducted by CASAColumbia at Columbia University (CASAColumbiaTM) showed that teenager from 12-17 who use social media on a daily basis are five times more likely to use tobacco, three times more likely to use alcohol, and twice as likely to use marijuana. In addition, 40% admitted they had been exposed to pictures of people under the influence via social media, suggesting a correlation between the two factors. The most addictive substance, tobacco, causes premature mortality in Canada. It is responsible for almost 17% of all deaths (Whiteford, 2013). The serious negative impact caused by addiction to drug and alcohol increases the need for psychologists for a treatment of the addiction. Another reason why the field is expected to grow may be because the stigma surrounding mental health declined (Bell Canada, 2015). In a survey done by National Harris/Decima in 2015, it was found out that 57% of people believed that the stigma surrounding mental illness reduced compared to 5 years ago. Also, 81% has admitted that they were more aware of issues involving mental health than they were five years ago. Lastly, 70 % has said that they believe peoples belief and thought regarding mental illness has changed to a positive attitude. Thanks to this, many people with emotional and mental issues are becoming more comfortable in speaking up about their problem with their family and friends thus resulting to more people seeking help. This is important because the stigma is one of the main reason why people with mental illness do not seek help. Through removing the stigma regarding mental illness, people would be able to speak openly without fear of getting judged. With more people asking for help, the need for psychologists would continue to increase. Not only did the development in technology affect the field of psychology to grow, but it also improved and changed how the psychologists treat patients. Though out the history, treatment has been carried out with the patient and the psychologists in the same room. However, technology has developed to the point that this can be achieved without actually being together at one place. Telehealth, which is about using technology such as video calling to virtually have a conference and deliver treatment services to the clients, is continuously growing in usage among psychologists (Nickelson, Magallettaa, Ax, 1998). Online therapy is similar in concept. It is about performing therapy through real-time type communication between the psychologist and the patient. Although there is a clear benefit, it makes it easier for people to get therapy without transportation, it also raises a lot of questions on the ethical and practical issues, such as, the effect of therapy when the patient is on a video monitor and not in the room or the problem of security when virtually communicating with the patient. Other issues involve the hardship in understanding the client accurately and forming a relationship through communication in a text. There is no definite answer to these problems, and the issue is still being reviewed by psychologists. I believe that for a person to become a psychologist, one should be able to come up with new and better solutions, suggestions, and techniques to improve clients well-being and ask insightful questions to help different clients in need. I feel that Bibliography Bell Canada (2015). Bell Lets Talk: The first 5 years (2010-2015). Retrieved from http://letstalk.bell.ca/letstalkprogressreport Campbell, L. F., Freedheim, D. K., Norcross, J. C., VandenBos, G. R. (2016). APA handbook of clinical psychology (1 st ed., Vol 5. ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Government of Canada. (2015). Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.publichealth.gc.ca Jessica L. Kohout and William E. Pate, Employment and trends in psychology, pp. 343-361, Springer New York, New York, NY, 2013 Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Duggan, M., Cortesi, S., Gasser, U., (2013) Teens and technology, 2013.: Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/03/13/teens-and-technology-2013/ Morgan, R. D., Kuther, T. L., Habben, C. J. (Eds.). (2012). Life After Graduate School in Psychology : Insiders Advice from New Psychologists (1). Hove, US: Psychology Press. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com Psychologist. (n.d.). Career Cruising. Retrieved January 21, 2017, from http://www.careercruising.com Smetanin, P., Stiff, D., Briante, C., Adair, C.E., Ahmad, S. and Khan, M. The Life and Economic Impact of Major Mental Illnesses in Canada: 2011 to 2041. RiskAnalytica, on behalf of the Mental Health Commission of Canada 2011. The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. (2011). National survey of american attitudes on substance abuse xvi: teens and parents. Retrieved from http://www.centeronaddiction.org/addiction-research/reports/national-survey-american-attitudes-substance-abuse-teens-parents-2011 Whiteford et al. (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 382: 1575-86. Chapman, B.P.; Fiscella, K.; Kawachi, I.; Duberstein, P.; Muennig, P. Emotion suppression and mortality risk over a 12-year follow-up. J. Psychosom. Res. 2013, 75, 381-385.

Collective Memory :: essays research papers

Anthony D. Smith who wrote â€Å"National Identity and Myths of Ethnic Descent† discussed how myths are formed and how they can lead to the ethnic regeneration within a group of people. He associated his ideas on ethnic regeneration with the countries of Turkey, Greece, England, France, and Israel. His ideas clearly outlined the steps that are taken to regenerate when people are influence by myths created sometimes thousands of years ago in such cases as seen by Jews. There were eight steps which all of these nation-states were said to have followed, in order to be where they are today. Of these eight steps I do not agree with the one that says, â€Å"they designate a space and time for their action.† I do not feel that a specific time is designated. Instead I feel that the time is determined at a moment’s notice. This can be seen presently when referring to the future state of Palestine. The date for this states declaration of existence has changed numerous time s during the past few years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yael Zerubavel writes about Collective remembering and Zionist reconstruction of the past. I do not agree with the historian that Zerubavel talks about in his writings. I feel that Halbwach’s view of history expressed as â€Å"collective memory†. Collective memory is what gives a society is goals that they must seek in the future. It also creates a bond between the people of that society. As a result it leads to these people wanting to settle together in a nation-state. The Zionist movement is an example of something caused by collective memory. Through generations the Diaspora and other events in the lives of Jews have been passed on, which eventually led Jews to create a homeland in 1948.

Children: a Good Target Market or an Abuse of Innocence?

Children: A Good Target Market or An Abuse of Innocence? Advertising is a way many businesses attract consumers. Consumers are, after all, their source of income. Billions of dollars are spent every year by corporations to huge advertising companies to think of the next big commodity. However, the most attractive target market today is children, which inevitably sparks controversy throughout the country. When discussing advertising to children, one should highly consider how the effects the products being advertised pose to children, the status of our countries laws, and the current uses of child advertising and the effect they may have on their audience because we need to think of the children first in order to protect our country’s youth. Many businesses have made the arguable decision in marketing towards children. If the venture is done the right way, it can be a successful form of getting attention to a business. In the article â€Å"Brand loyalty starts from a very early age,† Lou Cooper reveals, â€Å"Influencing children at a young age could see them retain their custom in the future† (24). However, if done incorrectly or unethically, youth advertising can be very dangerous and influential to a child in the wrong way. More and more manufacturers  and television advertisers  think that children constitute an important group for their target  market. They see other businesses succeeding when they use the tactic and they believe they need to use it too so as to remain competitive in the industry. However,  television advertising  aimed at children is extremely harmful to child development. Over the last few decades,  television advertising  has changed people's life styles and buying habits, especially children. Children have larger spending power. With the additional reassurance from statistics and research, more and more manufacturers and  advertisers  think that a young age group is an important group for their target  market. However,  television advertising  aimed at children is extremely harmful to child development because of the many harmful and unhealthy things the television is portraying as acceptable and even going so far as to making a harmful product sound attractive and necessary to a young consumer. Television aids the alcohol industry, as well as the fast food industry in spreading the word of their harmful products. The fast food industry is especially taking advantage of their marketing ability, and consumers are paying the price for it, with their health. According to the film Super Size Me, over the past few years, there has been a doubling of childhood and adult diabetes. Also, in the film Super Size Me, Morgan Spurlock provides the information that more children are having liver abnormalities and are already showing signs of cirrhosis, a clinical scaring of the liver. As stunningly accurate as in Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser mentions, â€Å"But the value meals, two-for-one deals, and free refills of soda give a distorted sense of how much fast food actually costs. The real price never appears on the menu† (9). Thus, the harmful products shown on TV should be highly monitored and perhaps even forced laws upon certain ads to protect the public. The founding laws of our nation have worked for us for centuries. They protect us when is necessary and allow us freedoms when appropriate. Legislators have been able to protect us very well with the constant updating of our laws. Through amendments and many new laws, law makers have been able to stay current with issues at hand. However, because our country’s laws haven’t taken another modern twist, many children are feeling the consequences. As seen in The United States Bill of Rights, the first amendment to the Constitution is â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press† (US Const. , amd. 1) When creating the law, however, legislators in the revolutionary time period surely didn’t suspect that the safety of children would be at stake when they wrote such a broad and vague concept. The legislation for advertising to children is minimal, and most advertising companies have free reign to do whatever they want. When a commercial is geared toward children, they find it appealing and some almost comforting. Fast Food Nation’s Eric Schlosser expressed that children are exposed to â€Å"30,000 commercials a year. † Congress has passed laws in the past about setting regulations for the advertising of cigarettes and alternative means of marketing because of their extremely harmful and negative side effects they threaten consumers with. Certain means of advertising in movie theaters was reviewed and banned; Truthful advertisements are being forced on to cigarette companies. Advertisements in movie theaters would show pictures of a random place and quickly show a flash of a product so people in the audience would need to have it. For example, they would show a large desert and then quickly show a Coke, and a person sitting in the audience would stand up and need to buy the Coke, almost as if they were brainwashed. Cigarette companies are now forced to put pictures of diseased organs on the box of cigarettes so as to warn the public of their unhealthy and dangerous aftermath and hopefully thwart as many Americans smoking as possible, a much different form of advertising than an advertisement for Paul Mall cigarettes depicting cigarettes to â€Å"Guard against throat-scratch. † When children are exposed to such stimulation of such appealing products, According to Lou Cooper, they have the influence over their parents to utilize close to â€Å"1. 88 trillion dollars†, which of course makes children a hefty target, but at what cost? Cooper 24). Advertisers use many forms of marketing to charm children. Phrases and slogans are one example. Many types  of food have a phrase associated with them. Commercials use phrases and slogans to embed their product into an audience’s memory. By the time the commercial ends the line and product are stuck in a person’s mind. By targe ting children, whole families are then targeted. Competition sparks the creation of phrases and slogans so as to imprint that brand into the minds of consumers. If one company can create a phrase that everyone will know and remember, they are one step ahead of their competition. Characters are also a way used to target children. Making characters has been the way in which many companies capture the attention of children everywhere. When a child sees commercials on television, the characters are instantly installed in their brain. Prominent figures also bring forth an ethical appeal for children; for example, in Lucky Strike advertisement, Santa Claus is shown with his bag of toys in one hand and a cigarette in the other. When the child witnesses such extreme behavior from the ones they hold dear, they want to be just like the people they admire. Therefore, children are more likely to buy a product used by their favorite celebrity or character. Toys are another way in which companies target children. Companies give toys to children sometimes relating to their product to endorse their item and entice the recipient to the merchandise. The hope some companies have is that the child will associate their brand with a reward such as a toy and want it more because of the attraction. For example, cereal companies are famous for toy advertisements. If they put toys in the boxes of cereal, children are more likely to want the box with a toy in it. Pleasing children is a main concern for all big companies. In closing, advertising to children isn’t the best idea when you want to keep the youth of our country safe, healthy, and uncorrupt so as to brighten our future as a nation. The products of some endorsements are mainly those that need to be feared. However, when a child is just as innocent as watching their favorite television show, parents and the children themselves shouldn’t need to worry about what kind of commercials pop-up that try to entice them with that happy meal and those toys. Children deserve every right to enjoy their time of being care-free and trusting. Childhood is a time for joyful bliss and innocence, not corruption. Works Cited Cooper, Lou. â€Å"Brand Loyalty Starts from a Very Early Age. † EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page. Marketing Week, 10 June 2010. Web. 02 Nov. 2010 ;http:web. ebscohost. com/src/pdf? vid=3;hid=104;[email  protected];. â€Å"The United States Bill of Rights. † National Archives and Records Administration. U. S. National Archives ; Records Administration. Web. 02. Nov. 2011. ;http://www. archives. gov/exhibits/characters/print_friendly. html? page=bill_of_rights_transcript_content. html;. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: the Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 2005. Print. Supersize Me: a Film of Epic Proportions . Hart Sharp Video, 2004. â€Å"Santa Smokes Lucky Strikes! † Quit Smoking Painlessly Now! Web. 02 Nov. 2010. ;http://www. quitsmokingpainlesslynow. com/cigarette-advertising/santa-smoking-lucky-strikes/;.

Georgia keeffe essays

Georgia keeffe essays Georgia Totto O'Keeffe was born in the year on November 15, 1887. She was one of seven children and spent most of her childhood on a farm, with the typical farm animals and rolling hills. O'Keeffe's aunt, not her mother, was mostly responsible for raising her. O'Keeffe did not care much for her aunt, she once referred to her as, "the headache of my life." She did, however, have some admiration for her aunt's strict and self disciplined character. O'Keeffe was given her own room and less responsibility. The younger sisters had to do more chores and share close living conditions. A younger sister stated that O'Keeffe always wanted things her way, and if she didn't get them her way, "she'd raise the devil." It was found through family and friends that O'Keeffe was like this throughout much of her life. O'Keeffe began her training early with private art lessons at home. The foundation of her future as an artist was made. When O'Keeffe was in the eighth grade she asked a daughter of a farm employee what she was going to do when she grew up. The girl said she didn't know. O'Keeffe replied very definitely, "...I am going to be an artist!""I don't really know where I got my artist idea...I only know that by that time it was definitely settled in my mind." She entered the Sacred Heart Academy, an art school in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1901. At school she discovered her blooming talent for artwork. Her art seemed to be the only stable element in O'Keeffe's younger life. In 1902 her parents moved to Virginia and were joined by the children in 1903. By the age of 16, O'Keeffe had 5 years of private art lessons at various schools in Wisconsin and Virginia. One particular teacher, Elizabeth Willis, encouraged her to work at her own pace and granted her opportunities that the other students felt were unfair. At times she would work intensely, and at other times she would not work for days. When it was brought to the attention of ...

Stress is seen throughout all ages and in all type Essays

Stress is seen throughout all ages and in all type Essays Stress is seen throughout all ages and in all types of situations. However, the younger generations seem to be facing a much greater amount than previous generations. Whether this is caused by the students pushing themselves too hard or by being pushed too hard by other people in their lives, the increase is very apparent and having dramatic effects on motivation, mental health and happiness. This increase in stress within this generation is detrimental to mental health and productivity and needs to be better addressed by society in order for today's teenagers, as a whole, to be more successful. The culture of youth in this generations and the ways teenagers are expected to perform in high school places a large amount of stress onto them. The causes of such overwhelming stress levels have a broad range but most revolve around performance within school or extracurricular activities. An NYU study examined the causes of high levels of stress within teenagers and found that specifically the top stressors are school work, college applications, extracurricular activities, and parental expectations. Students try to balance school work, multiple sports, clubs, social time with friends, and still need time to sleep and relax. Each of those activities have their own stressors and when combined can cause extreme amounts of stress. With these various causes of stress it seems next to impossible for a student not to experience at least a small amount of stress. According to the NYU study, nearly half (49%) of all students reported feeling a great deal of stress on a daily basis and 31 percent reported feeling somewhat stressed. The statistics prove that a majority of students do experience a large amount of stress, so how are students expected to be successful and happy with such large amounts of stress in their life? Students work so hard trying to fulfill the expectations that they are given and can end up taking on more work than they can handle. The root problems of stress arise due to school, so the issue needs to be addressed by the administration of the school and changes in school work loads and other aspects of school life need to be made. Stress, in small amounts, can prove to actually help students and drive them to be more successful. Some parents set out on a mission to get rid of stress in their kids, but the fact is, some degree of stress is very therapeutic and an appropriate amount of stress is what helps us become strong. The hard part is what's appropriate, Bradley says. Small amounts of stress can build character and teach students to work hard. However, the effects of large amounts of stress can be detrimental to the mental health of high school students. According to an article from USA Today, stress-related behaviors such as lack of sleep, lack of exercise, poor eating habits can all occur in response to stress. Another study conducted by NYU showed that a huge response to extreme stress in students is substance abuse. "Substance use for stress relief was a predominant theme in our interviews with students, over two-thirds of whom described substance use as both endemic to their social experience and as a method for managing stress," says Dr. Charles Cleland, a study investigator. If students are being faced with enough stress that they are turning to substance abuse, than schools need to make changes in order to reduce this large amount of stress. Such changes could include decreasing a student's workload, offering students more help when they are struggling, or simply not pushing the students as hard with such high expectations. The other huge problem with the amount of stress teenagers are facing is that high levels of stress can lead to other mental health problems according to the Black Dog Institute. When a student is faced with chronic stress, they can begin to feel overwhelmed and this can lead to the student becoming withdrawn and feel hopeless and experiencing other symptoms of depression. According to NPR, up to one in five kids living in the U.S. shows signs or symptoms of a mental health disorder in a given year. With this amount of students facing mental health

Can u pls make up a title for me anything to do with marktering Literature review

Can u pls make up a title for me anything to do with marktering - Literature review Example In the earlier times, shop keepers were able to acquire a fair understanding of consumer behaviour because they sold their products directly to the customers. However, with the increasing growth in the size of firms, opportunities of direct contact with consumers have lowered. Increasingly, managers are investing more to gain an insight on consumer behaviour. As a consequence, business and academic researchers invest more resources in studying consumer energy for the improvement of businesses. One of the oldest models in regards to consumer behaviour is ‘stimulus-behaviour model’. The following model propagates that marketing and other stimuli influence the buyer’s black box, producing certain responses (The Institute for Working Futures, n.d.). The stimuli can be of two kinds. The marketing stimuli or the marketing mix consist of 4 P’s including product, price, place and promotion. Others include economic, technological, political and cultural stimuli. All these stimuli move through the consumers’ black box and help them to make the product choice, brand choice, purchasing timing and purchasing amount. Apart from this simplified model, several other models have been developed by the marketing scholars in the field of ‘consumer behaviour’. The most prominent models have been developed by John A. Howard and Jagdish N Sheth, Francesco M. Nicosia, James F. Engel, Roger D. Blackwell and David T. Kollat. The five stage model of buying process includes steps like recognizing the problems, searching for information, evaluating the alternatives, purchasing decision and post purchase behaviour of the consumers. After purchasing the products, the buyer is expected to feel some level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction regarding the product or service acquired. The number of organisational buying processes can be quite

Fundamental Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fundamental Rights - Essay Example The flow of information is realized through communication by means of speech between individuals, and various modes of expression. Communication in any given system is vital because it facilitates the conveyance of information that enables people carry out their daily activities efficiently and effectively. Freedoms of speech and expression are crucial elements that guarantee that a society flourishes in spheres of life existence for a nation’s population. The right to freedom of belief or religion is a fundamental principle, which allows people to hold beliefs, and carry out religious practices and rites that accompany their beliefs. It also allows individuals to choose what to believe in and determine their religious orientation. This is a vital component of individual liberties, which that function to auger people into strong religious backgrounds. Strong religious backgrounds facilitate the creation of sound morals that enable members of a society to live harmoniously and uphold other people’s rights and freedoms (Raskin & Spero 190). Religion fosters morals that are attributed to the recognition of individual rights and freedoms, and the creation of laws to protect them. Restriction of the right to freedom of religion and worship, for example, countries that have state religions; people of other religious orientations have their freedoms limited or restricted. This contributes to fostering of animosity between different religious groups because some feel that their religion is more deserving than the other groups. Freedom of religion and worship promotes development of good morals, which act as guiding principles in people’s lives. Good morals can... Communication in any given system is vital because it facilitates the conveyance of information that enables people carry out their daily activities efficiently and effectively. Freedoms of speech and expression are crucial elements that guarantee that a society flourishes in spheres of life existence for a nation’s population. The right to freedom of belief or religion is a fundamental principle, which allows people to hold beliefs, and carry out religious practices and rites that accompany their beliefs. It also allows individuals to choose what to believe in and determine their religious orientation. This is a vital component of individual liberties, which that function to auger people into strong religious backgrounds. Strong religious backgrounds facilitate the creation of sound morals that enable members of a society to live harmoniously and uphold other people’s rights and freedoms (Raskin & Spero 190). Religion fosters morals that are attributed to the recognition of individual rights and freedoms, and the creation of laws to protect them. Restriction of the right to freedom of religion and worship, for example, countries that have state religions; people of other religious orientations have their freedoms limited or restricted. This contributes to fostering of animosity between different rel igious groups because some feel that their religion is more deserving than the other groups. Freedom of religion and worship promotes development of good morals, which act as guiding principles in people’s lives. Good morals can replace laws in society because they foster harmony and respect for individual rights and freedoms. All religions of the world serve along similar dictates of preaching harmony among people and peace for all individuals.